TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

CHAPTER I.  INTRODUCTION                                                                                        I-1

                              Abbreviations                                                                               I-4                                                                                         

CHAPTER II.  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                                                                                     

                              Overview                                                                                     II-1

                              The Impact of Oil Prices                                                               II-1

                              Renewables vs. Fossil Fuels                                                           II-11

                              The Emerging Regulatory Structure                                             III-21

                              Impact of the Financial/Economic Crisis                                      III-30

 

CHAPTER III.  WHY CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) MATTERS

                              What is CCS?                                                                                III-1

                              The Policy Context                                                                         

                                       The Stern Review                                                                III-3

                                       The IPCC                                                                           III-11

                                       International Energy Agency                                               III-16

                                       Other Recent Forecasts                                                     III-27

                                       EU Policy on CCS                                                               III-33

                                       Selected EU Country Policies and CCS                                 III-40

                              North America                                                                           III-50

                              Utility Emissions in the Developing World                                     III-60

                              Industrial Emissions and CCS                                                       III-72

                              Biomass and Negative Emissions                                                  III-79

 

CHAPTER IV.  CCS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

                              Overview                                                                                    IV-1

                              CCS and the Lessons from Energy Technology

                                       Development                                                                      IV-1

                              Moving CCS Technology Forward                                                IV-15

                                       Funding of Research Development                                    

                                                and Deployment                                                      IV-16

                                       Tax Incentives and Loan Guarantees for
                                                Commercial-scale Projects                                      IV-32

                                       Commercial Opportunities for Early

                                                Implementation of CCS using EOR/EGR                     IV-40

                                       Commercial Opportunities in Transportation,

                                                Fuel, and Chemical Production                                 IV-51

                                       CO2 Cap-and-Trade Systems                                            IV-63

                                       Mandatory Feed-in Tariffs                                               IV-72

                                       Mandatory CCS Standards                                                IV-74

                                       Participation of the Developing World                              IV-78

                              Power Plant Efficiency Improvements vs. CCS                            IV-87

 

CHAPTER V.  THE MAJOR CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES

                              Overview of the CCS Technology Chain                                         V-1

                              Post-combustion Capture                                                            V-2

                              Pre-combustion Capture                                                           V-14

                              Oxy-Firing                                                                                V-45

                              Other CO2 Capture/Reduction Technologies                               V-62

                                       CO2 Reduction Using Algae                                               V-63

                                       WOW Energy                                                                   V-69

                                       Cement Production                                                          V-71

 

CHAPTER VI.  CO2 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE                                 

                              CO2 Transportation                                                                  VI-1

                              Transportation Costs                                                                VI-4

                              CO2 Storage                                                                                     

                                       The Storage Resource                                                      VI-7

                                       Storage Mechanisms                                                       VI-21

                                       Existing Projects                                                            VI-34

                                       Monitoring and Verification Technology                          VI-45

                                       Technology Gaps Assessment                                           VI-49

                                       Storage Costs                                                                 VI-51

 

CHAPTER VII.  CCS COSTS

                              Factors Affecting Costs                                                            VII-1

                              Measurement of CO2 Capture Costs                                          VII-5

                              The Realities of 2008 New Plant Costs                                       VII-39

 

CHAPTER VIII.  REGULATION RISK AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE

                              Overview                                                                                VIII-1

                              International Laws and Regulations                                            

                                       Overview                                                                       VIII-3

                                       Basel Convention                                                             VIII-6

                                       Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS)                                         VIII-9

                                       London Convention of 1972 and

                                                its 1996 Protocol                                                  VIII-11

                                       OSPAR Convention of 1992                                             VIII-13

                              EU Regulations                                                                               

                                       Conflicts with Existing Laws (Directives)                        VIII-15

                                       EU Proposed CCS Rules                                                 VIII-19

                                       Inclusion of CCS in EU-ETS Property Rights                    VIII-29

                              Sample of National CCS Rulemaking Efforts                             

                                       Overview                                                                     VIII-33

                                       Norway                                                                        VIII-35

                                       Australia                                                                      VIII-37

                                       United States                                                               VIII-41

                                       Germany                                                                      VIII-50

                              CCS in the Kyoto Mechanisms                                                 VIII-59

                              Risks and Liabilities                                                               VIII-70

                              Public Acceptance                                                                 VIII-83